How sure are you you're hearing clipping and not harmonic distortion?

Not sure.

How sure are you the song doesn't just sound like this when highlighting certain frequencies as you've done?

If you listened to the clip normally and then listened with the adjustments I've made, you can tell pretty obviously that it's not just a different sound, it's actually a distortion. It's not just a subtle difference in the bass, it sounds like a machine gun popping off.